Analog I/O ========== Analog Input ------------ For analog inputs, the RP2040 device has a 12-bit, 4-channel ADC + temperature sensor available on a fixed set of pins (A0...A3). The standard Arduino calls can be used to read their values (with 3.3V nominally reading as 4095). int analogRead(pin_size_t pin = A0..A3) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Returns a value from 0...4095 correspionding to the ADC reading of the specific pin. void analogReadResolution(int bits) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Determines the resolution (in bits) of the value returned by the analogRead() function. Default resolution is 10bit. float analogReadTemp(float vref = 3.3f) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Returns the temperature, in Celsius, of the onboard thermal sensor. If you have a custom Vref for the ADC on your RP2040 board, you can pass it in as a parameter. Calling with no parameters assumes the normal, 3.3V Vref. This reading is not exceedingly accurate and of relatively low resolution, so it is not a replacement for an external temperature sensor in many cases. Analog Outputs -------------- The RP2040 does not have any onboard DACs, so analog outputs are simulated using the standard method of using pulse width modulation (PWM) using the RP20400's hardware PWM units. While up to 16 PWM channels can be generated, they are not independent and there are significant restrictions as to allowed pins in parallel. See the `RP2040 datasheet `_ for full details. Analog Output Restrictions -------------------------- The PWM generator source clock restricts the legal combinations of frequency and ranges. For example, at 1MHz only about 6 bits of range are possible. When you define an ``analogWriteFreq`` and ``analogWriteRange`` that can't be fulfilled by the hardware, the frequency will be preserved but the accuracy (range) will be reduced automatically. Your code will still send in the range you specify, but the core itself will transparently map it into the allowable PWN range. void analogWriteFreq(uint32_t freq) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Sets the master PWM frequency used (i.e. how often the PWM output cycles). From 100Hz to 1MHz are supported. void analogWriteRange(uint32_t range) and analogWriteResolution(int res) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ These calls set the maximum PWM value (i.e. writing this value will result in a PWM duty cycle of 100%)/ either explicitly (range) or as a power-of-two (res). A range of 16 to 65535 is supported. void analogWrite(pin_size_t pin, int val) ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Writes a PWM value to a specific pin. The PWM machine is enabled and set to the requested frequency and scale, and the output is generated. This will continue until a ``digitalWrite`` or other digital output is performed.